The Importance Of Greek Mythology - 1605 Words

A lot of popular everyday items that we use in our life sometimes, are inspired by Greek mythology. Sports brands, movies and T.V shows, the most complicated technology, books and many more, are all examples of Greek Mythology. If you take modern day items that we use and compare it to Greek mythology, believe it or not there is a big connection. But how come people today are inspired by Greek mythology? Also, why is Greek mythology important to us if they were just myths? It was such a while ago, so why do people still reflect off of it? Literature Review- Summary #1 In â€Å"The Greek Gods† from The Romans Anne Millard and Susan Peach describes that the Greeks had monthly festivals for the Greek gods. Their goal was to persuade the gods†¦show more content†¦Summary #4 In â€Å"Why Ancient Greek mythology is Still Relevant Today† from owlcation.com Geri Mileff describes Ancient Greeks religion. The Greeks did back then, we also do today. Hercules by Disney was inspired by the Greek’s legends. However, this is not the only thing that we are inspired by. Just reading these myths or just studying them that people have more control over things. This is because the myths were designed to teach lessons for the Greeks. After every story, there seems to be a solutions to the conflict. Summary #5 In â€Å"Greek Mythology in Popular Culture† wikipedia.org describes the everyday items we use or see on T.V were inspired by Greek mythology. From movies to space technology, these things were named from Greek Myths. Like the T.V show/movie Hercules that was made in 1997 makes it clear that we got the idea off of Greek mythology. And also in marketing. Many corporations has used Greek mythology in their wine logos to represent the god of wine, Dionysus. History Focus- As you can see, there were many parts where the sources explained about Greek mythology and the myths about them. All of my sources agreed that Greek mythology has an enormous impact on us today. Like Summary #1 and Summary #3 both agree that the Greeks would try their hardest to please the gods with delightful things. Also, Summary #5 and Summary #4 both agree that Greek mythology have aShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Greek Mythology1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of Greek mythology Today, the ancient Greek myths still fascinate readers throughout the world. There are thousands of books written about the importance of Greek mythology in the formation of modern-time societies. There are hundreds of movies created about the adventures of Greek heroes. Apparently, the events, creatures, and people described in the ancient Greek myths were not real; however, their mythical nature does not undermine the importance of Greek mythology in definingRead MoreComparing Roman And Greek Mythology1354 Words   |  6 Pages Roman Vs. Greek Mythology Roman and Greek mythology are full of complexities. 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As told, it says, â€Å"He was the Lord and Ruler of the Sea (the Mediterranean) and the Friendly Sea (the Euxine, now the BlackRead MoreIsraelite and Greek Mythology Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pages The Works and Days is a Greek myth containing an appropriated version of the Israelites Ten Commandments from The Bible. Throughout Works and Days, the myth constructs a virtually identical set of rules pertaining to moral conduct; all which, if disobey, are punishable by Zeus. Both the Israelites and the Greeks believe that their Lord (for the Greeks, specifically all powerful Zeus) distributes retribution to those who disobey these moral rules of conduct. In both texts, these guidelines forRead MoreGreek Mythology and Its Effects on Civilization803 Words   |  4 PagesGreek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. 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Before the knowledge to provide scientific reasoning towards the world’s events, people told myths about heroes, gods and goddesses to explain natural events. (Leonard, â€Å"Mythology†). In mythology, most stories are connected and explain an other myth, (Stapleton 42). According to the article â€Å"Roman Gods†, the twelve greatest gods and goddess of Rome were parallelRead MoreZeus Of Greek And Indra Of Vedic1601 Words   |  7 PagesZeus of Greek and Indra of Vedic Mythology can be traced to many different ethnic groups because many values such rich oral and written traditions. There are many ways of telling stories, and through myths, many powerful thoughts and emotions, as well as wisdom, and culture are all folded into one outlet. The comparisons of mythology across different cultures is an attempt to identify shared themes and motifs in the myths themselves. In comparative mythology, the Hindu and Greek mythologies share fascinatingRead MoreSacrifice- in today’s culture, the word is rarely associated with something positive. You might800 Words   |  4 Pagesrarely associated with something positive. You might think of a human sacrifice or giving up something you really want to keep. However, in ancient greek culture, ritual sacrifice (although the act wasn’t particularly good) had a positive connotation because of the benefits for the individual and the community the sacrifice was happening for. The importance of ritual sacr ifice to ancient Greece is displayed by the passage from the Odyssey in whichâ€Å"... the people of Pylos were gathered on the sea shore

The Controversial Issue of Doctor-Assisted Suicide

The Controversial Issue of Doctor-Assisted Suicide Imagine youu have just found out you are going to die within three months. Recently the questions have been changed form, What am I going to do with the rest of my life? to When should I kill myself? With painful and crippling diseases such as AIDS and cancer, and Alzheimers along with doctors such as Dr. Kavorkian, some people are choosing death over life. Doctor assisted suicide has been a very controversial subject in the past few years. Some states such as Oregon have passed laws which allow doctors to prescribe lethal drugs to patients who have less then six months to live.(Henin 1) Other state have taken the opposite side. I believe that if you are able to reason and†¦show more content†¦Wilkie Kushner, who write,s We all di. Death is a part of life. Death is inevitable. Why should each of us not have the right to choose when and how we did; and if we are in no position to do so, why shoulld those who know us best not be allowed to help? Why is it considered acceptable for sospital staff to indefinitely postpone death with machines and tubes and potent toxic pharmaceuticals, and not to help people go easily when their time has come? Wher is the humanity in all this? (Kushner 3) BIBLIOGRAPHY Haney, Joshua, RE: Assisted Suicide, www.yahoo.com 4/16/96 A. Wilkie Kushner, MB-Reprinted from Letters to the Editor, Gobe Mail www.yahoo.com Hendin, Herbert, MD, Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: Oregon Tries the Dutch Way, Wellness Web, The Patients Network,Show MoreRelated Euthanasia Essay - The Controversial Issue of Doctor-Assisted Suicide805 Words   |  4 PagesThe Controversial Issue of Doctor-Assisted Suicide      Ã‚   Imagine youu have just found out you are going to die within three months. Recently the questions have been changed form, What am I going to do with the rest of my life? to When should I kill myself?   With painful and crippling diseases such as AIDS and cancer, and Alzheimers along with doctors such as Dr. Kavorkian, some people are choosing death over life.   Doctor assisted suicide has been a very controversialRead MoreThe Legal Definition Of Assisted Suicide987 Words   |  4 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Physician assisted suicide is one of the most controversial topics in the medical world today. Many individuals feel as if it is wrong to ask your physician to end your life regardless of your condition. Patients that are terminally ill and that want to end their life with dignity and on their terms often seek assistance in ending their life. They may have many reasons for wanting to end their life instead of holding on such as they do not want to become a burden to theirRead MoreThe Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Released1181 Words   |  5 PagesPrevention released a suicide report in 2015 stating that in The United States, suicide is the 10th leading cause of deaths. As many as 44,193 individuals have died per year, which means there is about 123 suicide deaths a day happening as of now in The United States (â€Å"Suicide Statistics†). This is only the statistics of deaths that have been successful in The United States, it is not counting all suicide deaths ar ound the world nor suicide attempts. This alone is already a major issue everywhere in theRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of physician-assisted suicide has become very controversial because of the ethical questions. The physical state of health of the patient, the patient’s personal life, and even the financial pressure of the patient are all factors to consider when contemplating whether or not to legalize this controversial cause of death. Physician-assisted suicide regarding medical ethics states that a physician cannot legally give any patient a lethal injection to end their life, but they can take theRead MoreShould Die And Die?1214 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscomfort. A doctor once went to jail for life with the charge of murder in the first degree because he helped a patient kill himself. The issue of The Right to Die is so controversial because due to people s different opinions about whether or not someone can kill themselves almost 10,000 people wanting to kill themselves each year but only around 3,800 carried out (Wolf). Legalizing assisted suicide was introduced when a patient wanted to kill himself but Legalizing assisted suicide would have drasticRead MoreEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1549 Words   |  7 PagesWriting Project Worksheet 1. This paper will examine the Washington state policy of physician-assisted suicide. 2. State Info: (characteristics, size, culture, political culture, industries, features, etc. to explain state support of policy) Washington is a state in the northwestern United States with an estimated population of 7,288,000, as of July 1, 2016. Washington’s population is primarily white at 69% (not including Hispanics), with Hispanics comprising 12.4%, Asians 8.6%, and African AmericansRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide1418 Words   |  6 Pagesaway. The doctors can put the patient in an induced coma, but what kind of living is that? It is not living. The patient does not want to go on. Is it so wrong to ask for a way out? With less than six months to live, the patient’s hope is gone. Many argue that euthanasia is not ethical, but is it really ethical to let someone live in constant, horrifying pain and agony? While in some cases having the right to die might result in patients giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should beRead MoreAssisted Suicide : A Controversial Issue880 Words   |  4 PagesAssisted suicide is a very controversial subject in the healthcare world and lik e most things there are a lot of areas that are not written in black and white. Though assisted suicide is only legal in five states it is still practiced all across the United States. In most cases, little to no information is provided to the families and the terminally ill patients on what assisted suicide truly is and what it not. It all has to do with the intent, but most conversations are reduced to a wink or nodRead MoreEssay on Assisted Suicide932 Words   |  4 Pages The purpose of this research paper is to examine the many different angles of a controversial topic such as physician assisted suicide or euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide (PAS) is when a person kills him or herself and the doctor supplies the means knowing what the intention is. The doctor prescribes a medication to their patient in lethal doses. This allows the patient to choose when they want to die. They can take the pills at home with friends and family present if they wish or they couldRead MoreDoct or Assisted Suicide By Using Peer Reviewed Articles1639 Words   |  7 PagesDoctor assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for decades. It is placing value on life and death. This paper examines doctor assisted suicide by using peer reviewed articles that address many of the social and political issues surrounding doctor assisted suicide, including key factors such as the roles that technology and family play in a patient s decision to use assisted suicide. Brody (1995) gives an in depth view of how doctor assisted suicide works. Emanuel (1997) takes a closer

The Effects of Tv Adverts on Children free essay sample

www. ccsenet. org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 6, No. 1; January 2011 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 283 Does the Food Advertisement on Television Have the Impact on Children’s Food Purchasing Behavior? A Study Based on Pakistan Food Advertisement Muhammad Haroon (Corresponding author) Faculty of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages Sector H-9, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-333-529-9517 E-mail: [emailprotected] com Dr. Tahir Masood Qureshi Associate Professor, Faculty of Management Studies University of Central Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Tel: 92-345-509-0550 E-mail: [emailprotected] com Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Faculty of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-300-536-5378 E-mail: [emailprotected] com Mansoor Nisar PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-300-530-3077 E-mail: [emailprotected] com Abstract The purpose of conducting this study was to examine television advertisements and children’s food using pattern when they were watching television and their desire to purchase goods that they saw advertisements on television. This study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, content analysis of the television advertisements was conducted. In second part of the study, a questionnaire was given to 200 parents. Total of 75 of these parent’s children were attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades of the primary schools and 125 of the children were attending the pre-schools. The results showed that children were bombarded with so many advertisements and their behavior was more influenced by the television food advertisements. It was also affecting their food choices and health. Keywords: Advertising, Childhood obesity, Television viewing, Food preferences, Food consumption 1. Introduction Advertisement plays the major role in informing about the products and services to the target market. It is the paid form of communication to influence the behaivor of the people with effecitive and efficient manner. With the passage of time trends are getting change, many parts of the country have dozens of broadcast and cable channels and hundreds more may be on the way. Advertising’s view of its audience is undergoing significant changes as well. While researchers and practitioners continue to argue the merits of globalized marketing in general and globalized advertising in particular, an intriguing phenomenon has emerged (Akta_ Arnas, Y. 2006). Children are becoming more focus target market for many advertisers, and they are putting their extreme efforts to capture this valuable target market. Most of the advertisers are advertising those foods products which have above the standard level fats, more calories and salt such as confectionery, soft drinks, crisps and savory snacks, fast food (Ofcom,2004) and pre-sugared breakfast cereals are included in the daily lives of the children. This www. ccsenet. org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 6, No. 1; January 2011 284 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 eating pattern is leading children towards heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and obesity in later stage of the life. Obesity and overweight problems are becoming more common in children because of the eating pattern of the children. Watching the television is a sluggish activity that pushes to reduce the metabolic rates and also make the habits not to do the physical exercise and all this closely related to taking frequently snacks, easy to available fast foods. According to the office of communication (2004), there is almost the unified agreement among the people related to preference of foods and its consumption patterns are based on multiple factors. Some of important factors shown to be involved where children are concerned are: a. Psychosocial determinants (e. g. food choices) b. More knowledge about the food items c. Hunger and gender factors influences d. Influence of time and convenience factors e. Family demographical factors f. Social network influences g. Schools cafeteria h. Food streets i. Huge promotion on media, specially electronic media such as television 2. Objectives The promotion of food items through advertisement on television has the great impact on eating habits and health of children in Pakistan. This respective study intended to check advertisements on television and food consumption of children when they are watching television and their wish to buy those food items they watch on television advertisements. 3. Importance of the study in Pakistan’s scenario Many advertisers are targeting children in Pakistan, because children have great influence on their parents to spend on them. The parents on their children eating habits spend the reasonable amount of money. Generally, most of the parents and other member of the society may have the opinion that advertising have some negative, deliberate or inadvertent, influence on children (Goldberg, 1990; Goldberg Gom, 1978; Grossbart Crosby, 1984; Burr Burr, 1977). Apart from the influence on parents, children also take some purchasing decisions during the school time. Therefore, the main and the most important purpose to conduct this study in this scenario is to make aware the parents about the eating habits and preferences of their children. They will come to know how their children are taking fats, salts and other unhealthy diet which disturbs their diet schedules. This research will be an eye opener for those parents who were unaware of this fact that their children may suffer from many dangerous diseases, and will also come to know that what the main factor is contributing to all these problems. They will also get conscious about the unnecessary food advertisements which may cause their children to move towards unhealthy diet and purchasing request. As most of the children use to eat more while watching television so when mothers will come to know about it they will definitely find out alternatives which may defend their children especially from obesity. 4. Literature review There has been very old public concern over the harmful effects of food promotion on children. High levels of concern currently centre on the evidence of rising obesity among children, in common with many other countries in the developed world (World Health Organization, 2000). Previous food-related concerns have included nutrition, dental health, dieting and anorexia, and so forth. The royal college of physicians has reported that the obesity among the children is increasing (Kopelman, 2004 Ambler, 2004). All agrees that the food industry is one of the major player in the field of advertising (Hastings et al 2003, Young, Paliwoda Crawford, 2003). Studies show that food advertising on television is dominated by breakfast cereals, confectionary, savory snacks and soft drinks, with fast food restaurants taking up an increasing proportion of advertising on television. A major review of the field, recently conducted by Hastings et al (2003) for the food standards agency, has focused academic, policy and public attention on the role that food promotion, particularly television advertising, plays in influencing children’s food choices, defined in terms of food knowledge, preferences and behavior. Both research methods and findings addressed in this and other reviews are much contested (Paliwoda Crawford, 2004; Young, 2003; Ambler, 2004; and Livingstone, 2004) some reviews cover a wide terrain, examining the www. csenet. org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 6, No. 1; January 2011 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 285 range of factors which may influence children’s diet. Others are focusing on the direct effects of advertising on food choice. Unfortunately, much of the literature on diet and obesity pays little attention to media related factors such as exposure to television in general or ad vertising in particular. Also unfortunately, much of the literature on the effects of advertising pays little attention to the contextual factors which may mediate or provide alternative explanations for the observed relationship between media use and children’s diet and/or weight. Reviewing the field is complex in part because the research available spans a range of academic disciplines, countries and contexts and also because empirical studies use different measures, control for different factors or omit valuable information. In reviewing the published literature, it is worth identifying not only what can be concluded but also what remains unclear as well as questions for future investigation. Importantly, the balance of evidence (experimental, correlation and observational) in the published literature shows that television advertising has a modest, direct effect on children’s food choices. Although there remains much scope for debate, this conclusion is widely accepted across diverse positions and stakeholders (Livingstone, 2004). Food promotion is having an effect, particularly on children’s preferences, purchase behavior and consumption. This effect is independent of other factors and operates at both a brand and category level’ (Hastings et al, 2003). Lewis and Hill (1998) conducted a content analysis showing that food is the most advertised product category on children’s television, and that confectionary, cereals and savory snacks are the most advertised. Hence, 60% of food adverts to children are for convenience foods, 6% for fast food outlets, and the remainder for cereals and confectionery. Lewis and Hill (1998) in this study they found that overweight children are less satisfied with their appearance and have a greater preference for thinness; feeling fat was directly related to weight. In general, children feel better, less worried and more liked after seeing adverts. They also found an interaction effect: after seeing a food advertisement, overweight children feel healthier and show a decreased desire to eat sweets, while normal weight children feel less healthy and more like eating sweets than before seeing the ad. The opposite pattern was observed after viewing non-food ads. Hastings et al (2003), ‘the foods we should eat least are the most advertised, while the foods we should eat most are the least advertised’. A recent survey of UK parents conducted for the national family and parenting institute (2004) shows that parents feel their children are ‘bombarded’ by advertising to ever younger children and across an ever-greater range of media Platforms. They claim to be anxious, irritated and pressurized, not least because of the considerable domestic conflicts they claim that consumer demands from children result in within the family. Young (2003) in his study he concluded that children understand advertising from eight to nine years old and that they play an active role in families’ food buying. Dietary preferences of children are said to be established by about five years old, before advertising is understood. The author further argues that a multiplicity of factors, of which advertising/television viewing is only one, influence eating patterns. Stratton Bromley (1999) in their study they determined through a series of interviews that the dominant preoccupation of parents is to get their children to eat enough. Parents try to adjust the food to the preferences of family members so that children can eat. There was a notable lack of reference to nutrition and health when talking about food choices for children in the British families interviewed. There have been many investigations determinant of children’s diets, while schools and peers are also influential in determining preferences and habits. A study in New Zealand, Hill, Casswell, Maskill, Jones Wyllie (1998) showed that although teenagers had good knowledge of what was healthy and what not, what they ate was determined by how desirable foods were. Gracey et al (1996) in their study â€Å"Nutritional knowledge, beliefs and behaviours in teenage school students† described that one of the critical and important factor of enhancing and balancing eating habits is to increase the awareness amongst the children to control their diet; â€Å"this needs to be accompanied by provision of nutrition education, and parents and schools need to be involved in making healthy foods more available†. This is really significance to develop the strong eating habits at the earlier stage of the life; if this pattern of eating habits would be continued in mature life and hard to change at a later stage of the life (Hill, Casswell, Maskill, Jones Wyllie, 1998; Kelder, Perry Klepp, 1994; Sweeting et al, 1994). Numerous studies pointed out the fact that those who eat with the family have healthier dietary habits. Family meals become less frequent as children get older and the frequency of those meals differ for different ethnic groups and socio-economical status (Neumark Sztainer, Hannan, Story, Croll Perry, 2003). The influence of family eating patterns on dietary intake stays strong even after controlling for other variables such as television viewing and physical activity. Eating away from home also increases the consumption of soft drinks which is related to problems with www. ccsenet. org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 6, No. 1; January 2011 286 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 weight (French, Lin et al, 2003). The purpose of this study is to examine television advertisements and children’s food using pattern when they are watching television and their desire to purchase goods that they see advertisements on television in Pakistan. 5. Method 5. 1 Sampling Data collection This study is conducted in two parts. In first part, content analysis of the television advertisement, which during the child programs on Saturday and Sunday were examined. For this purpose the television programs and the advertisements broadcast between 03:00 hours and 7:30 hours for three weeks were taken. The second part of the study focused on children’s behaviors while watching television advertisement and their purchasing request during shopping, in children aged 3-8years old. In second part of the study, questionnaires are given to 200 parents. A total of 75 of these parents’ children were attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades of the primary schools and 125 of the children were attending the pre-schools. 5. 2 Sample characteristics The demographic characteristics are as follows: 55% were boys out of the total and 45% were girls. In total 63% of the parents were high school and university graduates. 5% of the fathers come under 28years and above. 95% of mothers were between 24-40 years. Table 1 shows that 17. 6% of the children pay attention to the advertisements; it was also found that children in the age group of 4-5 years showed attentive behavior more than the children in the other age groups. In contrast, 6. 9% of the children are determined to do whatever they were doing and not taking any notice of the advertisements. It was found that 32. 85% of the children asked their parents to buy the products presented in the advertisements while watching them in this behavior was highly observed in the 4-5 year old children. Table 2 is indicating that children time is starting from 3. 00hours to 7. 00hours on different channels. It is observed at weekends for three weeks at Saturdays and Sundays. Between these hours, the total mean time of children’s program on three channels were 104 mins. Table 3 shows total mean amount of broadcast advertisements on the three channels were 29. Out of which about 21 advertisements were of food related. According to the table 3, 73. 18 % of the advertisements broadcast are food related, 9. 49% are telecom related and 5. 02 are detergents related advertisements. It is very clear that food advertisements are more than others. According to table 4, greater percentage is of snacks advertisements in total which is 35. 11%, then chips 28. 24%, ice cream 15. 26%. But there no fruits advertisements which are in real sense having nutrients and energy. 6. Discussion Limitation of the study After analysis of results now there is need to develop the time plan of watching television for children by their parents. In school teachers can also play the significant role for guiding the television advertising watching . Children must be guided the both aspects of watching television advertisements, not leaving them on whatever is going on advertisement. First this research only focused the children purchasing behavior based on television advertisements . It can also extended by taking other media as well. Second this can also be apply on some adults both male and female. Third, other daily using items advertisement can also consider for research. 7. Conclusion In content analysis we came to the point that television food advertisements are playing greater role in such regard. Children are bombarded with so many advertisements. It is also affecting their food choices and health. In addition to this , when the behaviors of the children are examined, it can be observed that children consume food which are rich in fat and sugar while watching television and have problems with their parents about buying the products they have seen on the advertisements. This shows that children in the younger age groups are affected more from the advertisements broadcast on the television and reflect these more in their consuming behavior. In conclusion, it can be suggested that in order to reduce these damaging actors they can adjust the television watching timing of their children in the early years and can control their eating habits and buying requesting patterns. References Akta_ Arnas, Y. (2006). The effects of television food advertisement on childrens food purchasing requests. Pediatrics International, 48: 138–145. www. ccsenet. org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 6, No. 1; January 2011 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 287 Ambler, Tim (1996). Can alcohol misuse be reduced by banning advertising?. International Journal of Advertising, 15(2), 167-174 Ambler, T. Braeutigam, S. , Stins, J. , Rose, S. and Swithenby, S. (2004). Salience and choice: Neural correlates of shopping decisions. Psychology and Marketing, 21: 247–261. Beilin. (1996). Nutritional knowledge, beliefs and behaviours in teenage school students. Health Education Research, 11 (2), 187-204, Burr, Pat L. and Richard M. Burr (1977). Parental Responses to Child Marketing. Journal of Advertising Research, 1’7 (6), 17-24. Cihangar S,Demir G. (2003). The Study of Children and their parent’s television watching habits. In:Yayin YP (ed)OMEP World council and conferenes; 5-11 Oct D. Gracey, N. Stanley, V. Burke, B. Corti and L. J. French, S. A. , Lin, B. H. , and Guthrie, J. F. (2003). National trends in soft drinkconsumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years: Prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1888. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(10), 1326-1331. Goldberg, Marvin E. (1990). A Quasi-Experiment Assessing the Effectiveness of TV Advertising Directed to Children. Journal of Marketing Research, 27 (November),445-454. Goldberg, Marvin E. and Gerald J. Gom. (1978). Some Unintended Consequences of TV Advertising to Children. Journal of Consumer Research, 5 (June), 22-29. Grossbart, Sanford L. , and Lawrence A. Crosby. (1984). Understanding the Bases of Parental Concern and Reaction to Children’s Food Advertising. Journal of Marketing, 48 (Summer), 79-92. Gracey, D. , Stanley, N. , Burke, V. , Corti, B. , and Beilin, L. J. (1996). Nutritional knowledge, beliefs and behaviours in teenage school students. Health Education Research, 11(2), 187-204. Hastings, Gerard, Martine Stead, Laura McDermott, Alasdair Forsyth, Anne Marie MacKintosh, Mike Rayner, Christine Godfrey, Martin Caraher and Kathryn Angus. (2003a). Review of research on the effects of food promotion to children. Final report, prepared for the Food Standards Agency, 22nd September, 2003. Hastings, Gerard. (2003). Social marketers of the world unite; you have nothing to lose but your shame. SMQ, 9(4), 14-21 Hill, L. , Casswell, S. , Maskill, C. , Jones, S. , Wyllie, A. (1998). Fruit and vegetables as adolescent food choices. Health Promotion International, 13(4), 55-65. Kelder S. H, C L Perry, K I Klepp and L L Lytle. (1994). Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors. American Journal of Public Health, 84(7), 1121-1126 Kopelman. (2004). cited in Ambler, T. 2004). Does the UK promotion of food and drink to children contribute to their obesity? (Centre for marketing working paper No. 04- 901). London: London Business School Kotz K, Story M. Food. (1994). Advertisements during children’s Saturday morning television programming are they consistent with dietary recommendations? , J. Am. Diet. Association, 94(3), 1296-1300. Lin, F-Y, Monteiro-R iviere, NA, Grichnik, JM, Zielinski, JE Pinnell, SR, (2005). A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamin C, vitamin E, and ferulic acid prevents ultraviolet-radiation-induced caspase-3 induction in skin. J Am Acad Dermatol, 52,158 Livingstone, S. (1998). Making sense of television: The psychology of audience interpretation (2nd Ed. ). Routledge, London Lewis, M. K. , and Hill, A. J. (1998). Food advertising on British childrens television: A content analysis and experimental study with nine-year olds. International Journal of Obesity, 22(3), 206-214. Neumark-Sztainer, D. , Hannan, P. J. , Story, M. , Croll, J. , and Perry, C. (2003). Family meal patterns: Associations with sociodemogpaphic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(3), 317-322. Paliwoda, Stan and Ian Crawford. (2003). An Analysis of the Hastings Review: The Effects of Food Promotion on Children. Report prepared for the Food Advertising Unit, December (2003). Stratton, P. , Bromley, K. (1999). Families Accounts of the Causal Processes in Food Choice. Appetite. 33(2), 89-108. www. ccsenet. org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 6, No. 1; January 2011 288 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 Sweeting, H. , Anderson, A. , and West, P. (1994). Sociodemographic Correlates of Dietary Habits in Mid to Late Adolescence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48(10), 736-748. The Office of Communications (Ofcom) 2004. Child obesity food advertising in context: Children’s food choices, parent’s understanding and influence, and the role of food promotions. Received on April 3, 2009, from World Health Organization (2004). Young peoples health in context. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2001/2002 survey, Eating habits pp110-119 ISBN 92 890 1372 9. [Online] Available: http://www. euro. who. int/Document/e82923. pdf. Young, Brian. (2003). Advertising and Food Choice in Children: A Review of the Literature. Report prepared for the Food Advertising Unit, August (2003). Table 1. Childrens behaviors towards advertised products while watching advertisements Behaviors observed during Frequency of observed behaviors watching advertisements Total Age n % 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pay attention 61 17. 6 8 14 32 3 3 Watches for a few minutes 116 20. 2 14 23 39 1 8 11 11 Looks from time to time 70 33. 4 7 15 24 6 9 9 Does not care 24 6. 9 2 1 6 4 6 5 Makes comments about the product 102 29. 4 9 23 47 8 7 8 Wants the products 114 32. 85 8 28 58 9 7 4 Table 2. Values of the childrens programs and advertisements broadcast during the evening hours on weekends according to channels Jeo Saturday Sunday Indus Vision Saturday Sunday Cartoon Network Saturday Sunday Time of the childrens 6. 00-7. 30 6. 00-7. 30 3. 00-6. 00 3. 00-6. 00 5. 10-6. 00 6. 10-6. 45 program Total time of the 90mins 90mins 180mins 180mins 50mins 35mins childrens program Number of the 25 28 47 53 17 9 advertisements Total time of 11:05mins 12:08mins 11:58mins 13:42mins 8:08mins 3:75mins advertisements Number of food 17 21 38 41 10 4 advertisements www. ccsenet. org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. , No. 1; January 2011 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 289 Table 3. Types of products advertised on the television channels Types of products advertised n % Food 131 73. 18 Detergents 9 5. 02 Cleaning supplies 3 1. 67 Telecom 17 9. 49 Kitchen supplies 4 2. 23 Toothpaste 3 1. 67 Beauty products 5 2. 79 Diaper 3 1. 67 Banking 4 2. 23 To tal 179 100 Table 4. Types of food advertisements on the channels % Total n Total Types of food Snacks 46 35. 11 Ice cream 20 15. 26 Drinks 16 12. 21 Candy and chocolates 7 5. 34 Biscuits 5 3. 81 Chips 37 28. 24 Total 131 100

Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training free essay sample

Task: B1 Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training An athlete qualifying for an Olympic Final competes against athletes who are fit, strong, flexible, powerful and skilful. All the competitors have devoted time and energy to becoming top-class athletes. However, there is only one champion and two medal winners. Often the difference between a medal and eighth place is a fraction of a second or a few centimetres. Interviews with athletes who succeed at this highest level often focus on which aspect of their preparation made them different from everyone else.Nine times out of ten these great athletes refer to a mental edge or psychological toughness. An athlete who wants to compete against other talented athletes needs to think carefully about mental preparation. It is not enough for them to expect to win simply because they have coved more mileage then the next athlete, or because they have lifted heavier weights. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the final analysis it is often more important to keep the mind in the pressurized environment of competition. In this essay I will be covering different forms of mental training employed by the sport psychologist.Imagery Imagery and mental rehearsal are techniques that are frequently used in sport and exercise psychology because of the verity of applications they have in different settings. Imagery Imagery is a polysensorial and emotional creation or recreation of an experience that takes place in the mind. It should involve as many senses as possible as well as trying to recreate emotions experienced through the activity the athlete takes part in. The post effective imagery uses kinaesthetic, visual, tactile, auditory and olfactory senses.An example of imagery that anyone could take part in is to think about a favourite athlete in any sport. Then think about when you have watched that sports person performing. Consider when you have thought about what that athlete has done during their performance, (e. g. how they kick a ball) tried to see your self doing that in a future competition, and then copied what they did during your performance. This is just one example of how our mind allows us to remember different events and then attempt to recreate them. It is imagery in one of many forms.There are two main types of imagery in port and exercise: internal and external. †¢ Internal imagery is imagining yourself doing something and concentrating on how the activity feels †¢ External imagery is imagining yourself doing something as tough you are watching it on a film so that you can develop an awareness of how the activity looks Uses of imagery Imagery has a number of uses in different areas of performance including relaxation, goal setting, concentration, developing confidence, controlling emotions and handling pressure, and diction making. Goal settingImagery can be useful to highlight specific faults in performance which can then be used to set goals to improve performance . Concentration A key aspect to concentration is being able to focus on relevant cues in the environment (e. g. things that directly affect sports performance) and being able to close out factors that don’t directly affect the sport performance (e. g. crowd noise and banners). By imagining what you want to achieve and what you need to be able to do to achieve it you can prevent your attention from focusing on irreverent aspects and focus on relevant aspects instead. Decision MakingDecision making skills are benefited greatly by imagery because the use of imagery allows individuals to look at a number of options in different situations and the consequences of making different decisions. The benefits of imagery in the area tend to be greater for experienced performers rather than novices, because it helps them to refine skills and make the necessary dictions quickly. Controlling Emotions and Handling Pressure One of the benefits of using imagery is that you can imagine things that have gone wrong in previous performances (such as missing penalties, being bowled out and experience poor officiating).Then you’re able to imagine yourself coping with these negative influences in a number of ways and being able to perform the task successfully. Developing Confidence A football player has been taking penalties for his team on a regular basis but keeps missing them which have knocked his confidence in his ability to score penalties. The sport psychologist could work with the player asking him to remember having a strong support foot placement, striking the ball hard and true, thinking about where exactly he wants the ball to go, seeing the ball hit the back of the net and thinking about the elation experienced at successfully scouring a goal.The sport psychologist would do this because seeing yourself perform well in your mind is a good way of in creasing a sense of mastery. It increases your belief in your ability to perform a task. Relaxation A sprinter is in the start position in the final of the men’s 100m hurdles at the Olympics Games. In this example the athlete would imagine emotions associated with relaxation and together with other techniques such as breathing exercises, could try to control anxiety, arousal and stress levels Mental Rehearsal Mental rehearsal is one aspect of imagery.It is a strategy for practicing something in your mind before actually performing the task. The difference between mental rehearsal and imagery is that mental rehearsal does not take into account how the skill is rehearsed or what senses and emotions are used throughout the skill. It is the cognitive rehearsal of a skill without any physical movement. Uses of Mental Rehearsal There are a number of ways in which mental rehearsal is used including skills practice and rehearsal, practicing ‘what if’ scenarios, replaying performance and performance routines.Mental rehearsal can also be linked to pre-performance routines, as mental rehearsal can allow the performer to rehearse how they want to complete an activity before t hey actually start the performance. The use of mental rehearsal of future performance ensures that athletes take time to review physical, technical and mental aspects of the activity and produce strategies that will help individuals to meet its demands. Practice for Events Using mental rehearsal in the lead p to competition as well as in practice settings has been shown to benefit skill practice and developmentSkills Practice and Rehearsal Although it is not as effective as physically practicing a skill mental rehearsal is more beneficial then not practicing the skill at all. It actually helps to develop neuromuscular patterns associated with different movements. It is important for the performer to rehearse both good and bad movement patterns so that they can get to know the difference between the two to develop the appropriate neuromuscular responses. Practice ‘what if scenarios’ Mental rehearsal gives the performer the opportunity to practice ‘what if scenarios’ (e. . what would happen if I did it this way’). Then to assess whether something different would work in the same scenario. In Competition Practice Mental rehearsal gives the athlete the opportunity to practice their skills during an event without having to expend any energy or perform any movements. This is a useful way of concentrating on a particular aspect of skill and further developing it. Performance Routines Mental rehearsal forms an important part of performance routines. Think about when you have seen a rugby player take a kick at goal from the ground.They place the ball then look up at the posts, take a few steps back and to the side, take a stance, look at the ball then up to the posts, sometime close there eyes then take a deep breath and go to kick the ball. This is all part of a performance routine. During this routine the player is mentally rehearsing the kick of the ball before actually performing the movement. Replay Performance ‘What if’ are often combined with replaying performance in your mind, where you go thorough previous performances and detect errors in performance using the mental rehearsal.Arousal Arousal is an important aspect of sport and exercise because it can affect performance either positively or negatively depending on how you perceive the arousal. Therefore it is important to understand ways of regulating arousal and how this can benefit performance. Arousal Reduction Over-arousal is often experienced by athletes for reasons such as lack of confidence or seeing competition as a threat. The effects of over-arousal are generally the same regardless of the performer: physical and psychological discomfort that leads to reduced performance.The role of the sport psychologist would be to help the athlete to understand the causes of over-arousal to recognise the symptoms of over-arousal and then to help athletes to apply appropriate arousal management strategies to reduce levels to an optimal point. Common arousal reduction techniques include progressive muscular relaxation, breathing control, biofeedback, mind to muscle techniques and imagery. Progressive Muscular Relaxation Muscle tension is one of the most uncomfortable and devastating symptoms of an over-aroused state and can severely hinder performance due to losses in coordination (and therefore disrupt technique).It can also lead to an increased risk of injury due to vastly decreased flexibility. Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR) is an easy to use technique that can help to reduce muscular tension. It is a useful technique because it increases an individual’s awareness of their levels of muscle tension and through the relaxation phase helps the individual to distinguish between what is a state of tension and relaxation. Breathing Control When you start to experience increased pressure in sport situations an automatic tendency is to hold your breath a little.Unfortunately when you do this it increases factors that can be negative to performance (like muscle tension). The best time to use breathing control is when you are in a sporting situation that allows you to take a brake. Controlled breathing is one of the easiest techniques for reducing anxiety symptoms and it has a range of physiological and psychological benefits. The physiological benefits include oxygen transport, carbon dioxide removal, reduced muscle fatigue and reduced chances of injuries such as cramp. However the psychological benefits are also important.One of the biggest problems with over-arousal is the reduced concentration levels that accompany it such as (focusing on the negative aspects) muscle tension, increased heart rate and (in some cases) the nausea that can be symptoms of over-arousal. Using breathing control techniques can be beneficial in reducing arousal in two main ways: †¢ It reduces the physiological symptoms of arousal and anxiety †¢ It focuses the athlete’s attention away from the negative aspects, because they have to concentrate on getting the breathing techniques correct.As a result of these different aspects, the athlete will benefit throu gh increased concentration, confidence, control and well-being. Biofeedback Biofeedback involves the use of different equipment to detect physiological responses to arousal. This helps the athlete to learn how to control those responses. The technique generally uses either visual or auditory feedback of different physiological responses. The common physiological responses that biofeedback is used with are heart rate, breathing, skin temperature and muscle tension.It has not always been shown to improve performance but it is effective in helping the athlete to detect and reduce physiological symptoms of arousal and anxiety. Mind to Muscle Techniques The aim of mind to muscle relaxation is to train the athletes muscle to be able to recognise tension so that it can be released and a relaxed state can occur. Common examples of mind to muscle relaxation techniques include imagery, PMR and autogenic training. Imagery Imagery is one of the most common psychological skills techniques because it can be used to reduce arousal symptoms before, during and after competition. The process by which imagery reduces anxiety is a relatively simple one. If the athlete can use calming, tranquil and relaxing images this will reduce the symptoms of arousal and anxiety to a level that will not hamper performance. Arousal Increasing Just as over-arousal can be detrimental to performance under-arousal can also be as damaging. It is generally based on the interaction between the situation in which the individual finds them in and their psychological appraisal of that situation. Under-arousal is nowhere near as common in a sporting situation as over-arousal.However when an athlete is virtually guaranteed success this phenomenon is quite understandable. The sports psychologists’ role would be to consult with athletes and teams to develop ways of increasing arousal levels again. Some common ways of increasing arousal levels in a sport or exercise setting include: use of music, using energising imagery, increasing breathing rate, affirmations and acting energised (some know it as a pep talk or high energy body language). Use of Music Music is more widely researched in the exercise domain than in the sports domain, but it is often used in both areas to increase arousal levels.It has been shown to be effective at increasing arousal levels by eliciting both emotional and physiological responses in different individuals. The use of music increases arousal in a number of ways. By narrowing a performers attention music can divert their focus away from sensations of fatigue. The benefit of this is that the performer will have an elevated mood state through avoidance of negative thoughts. Another benefit of music is that the music which people consider to be exciting can increase body temperature, heart rate and breathing rate all of which will improve sports perfor mance. Energising Imagery In the same way that imagery can be used to reduce arousal and anxiety it can be also used to increase arousal. This can be achieved through the use of high-energy images of competition e. g. a hard tackle in rugby. Increasing Breathing Rate Just before a high jumper in competition attempts to jump the next height up they take a series of short, sharp breaths then take the run up. This is a way of increasing arousal levels; you take a series of sharp short breaths until you feel energised.This technique is also used in other sports such as weightlifting. Affirmations An affirmation is a positive statement that is designed to confirm gaol achievement. It is often used alongside other forms of arousal-increasing techniques such as imagery or acting energised to increase arousal levels. When you use affirmations it is important to review them on a regular basis. Good practice would be to change affirmations when you change the goals you set. It is important to do this so that further progress can be made. Acting EnergisedActing energised increases arousal levels in a number of ways that can benefit performance. It can heighten concentration levels, reprioritise goal achievement, increase motivation levels and make the athlete excited about competing again. In an elite sport setting, the use of this type of body language can also increase arousal levels in athletes. It increases the arousal levels of the crowd (often displayed through cheering on the team more) which further benefits the athlete. Goal Setting Goal setting is one of the best ways of increasing motivation in sport and xercise. In sport and exercise psychology it’s essential to be specific about what a goal is and what the different types of goal are. Types of Goal There are two main types of goal: †¢ a subjective goal is a general statement of intent such as ‘I want to have fun’ †¢ an objective goal is a measurable statement that relates to the achievement of some form of standard normally within a designated period of time Outcome goals, process goals and performance goals are all types of objective goal. Outcome Goal Outcome goals relate to the outcome on an event.They tend to be unpredictable because they depend on the performance of others as well as the one setting it. For example you could play the best frame of tennis you have ever played yet still fail to achieve your goal because your opponent plays a little bit better than you. Process Goals Process goals look at the process the athlete must go through to achieve a desired level of performance. They relate to skills and technique they could be required to perform at a high level. Performance Goals Performance goals look at achieving a certain standard of performance without comparison with other individuals.